MAROKO133 Breaking ai: GPT-5 model helps crack one of quantum computing’s most stubborn op

📌 MAROKO133 Eksklusif ai: GPT-5 model helps crack one of quantum computing’s most

In computer science, NP refers to problems where a solution can be verified quickly, even if finding that solution may take enormous time.

This class has guided much of modern complexity theory. Its quantum counterpart is QMA, where a proof comes not as a string of bits but as a fragile quantum state.

Researchers now say OpenAI’s GPT-5 has helped prove strict limits on QMA. The model suggested a mathematical expression that led to a breakthrough on how far error reduction can go.

The study may be one of the first times artificial intelligence has supplied a concrete step in quantum complexity research.

Setting boundaries in QMA

Scott Aaronson of the University of Texas at Austin and Freek Witteveen of CWI Amsterdam wrote the new paper, Limits to black-box amplification in QMA, now on arXiv.

Their work builds on Stacey Jeffery and Witteveen’s 2025 result and extends Aaronson’s 2008 oracle separation.

In QMA, a prover called Merlin sends a quantum witness to a verifier called Arthur. Arthur runs a quantum algorithm to decide whether to accept. Two numbers define these systems. Completeness is the chance that Arthur accepts a valid proof. Soundness is the chance he wrongly accepts a false one.

Amplification methods can shrink error by repeating the test and combining results. Jeffery and Witteveen showed that completeness can reach doubly exponential proximity to one. The open question was whether it could go beyond that.

GPT-5’s key contribution

Aaronson struggled with the analysis and turned to GPT-5. The model’s first suggestions were wrong. After back-and-forth, it proposed reframing the problem with a single function that measured how close acceptance came to certainty.

That idea proved decisive. Using approximation theory, the researchers showed that completeness cannot surpass doubly exponential closeness to one, and soundness cannot drop below exponentially small.

Aaronson wrote on his blog Shtetl Optimized: “Now, in September 2025, I’m here to tell you that AI has finally come for what my experience tells me is the most quintessentially human of all human intellectual activities: namely, proving oracle separations between quantum complexity classes.”

The proof shows black-box amplification has hit its ceiling. Completeness can go no further than doubly exponential, and soundness can go no lower than exponential.

The result confirms that resolving whether QMA equals QMA1 will need nonrelativizing methods, which analyze circuit structures rather than treating them as black boxes. The asymmetry is also clear: completeness depends on a single good witness, while soundness must hold against every possible witness.

Some critics said GPT-5’s insight was obvious. Aaronson responded: “GPT5-Thinking’s suggestion of a function to use ‘should have’ been obvious to us. It would have been obvious to us had we known more, or had we spent more time studying the literature or asking experts.”

The study leaves big questions open, including whether QMA equals QMA1. But it marks a turning point: AI is no longer just drafting papers or writing code.

In this case, it helped close a decades-long gap in one of the most abstract areas of computer science.

🔗 Sumber: interestingengineering.com

📌 MAROKO133 Hot ai: Experts Alarmed as Jellyfish Spawn in Freshwater Lakes Hari In

As the world’s oceans undergo a dramatic rise in temperature, jellyfish blooms have become a regular occurrence, threatening both beachgoing tourists and coastal infrastructure around the world.

But experts are also scrambling to explain a rise in reporting of jellyfish blooms in one of the last places anyone would expect: the freshwater lakes of middle America.

In the dog days of summer this year, local news outlets began reporting on sightings of rare freshwater jellyfish drifting in all manner of freshwater sources: from the Midwestern waters of Lake Erie to ornamental ponds of northwest Arkansas to the oxbow lakes of Oklahoma.

Technically known as Craspedacusta sowerbii, or “peach blossom jellyfish,” the freshwater critters measure in at about the size of a penny. Sporting translucent bodies with a white-greenish tint, peach blossom jellies have anywhere from 50 to 500 tentacles, four of which can grow to be “very long,” according to a US Geological Survey factsheet.

Unlike their sea-bound brethren, the freshwater jellyfish don’t pose a threat to humans. They do, however, pose a threat to American freshwater ecosystems. Native to the shallow pools which dot the sides of the Yangtze River in China, peach blossom jellyfish were first recorded in the Great Lakes region as early as 1933, assumed to have migrated as a byproduct of the global fish trade.

The USGS describes freshwater jellyfish as opportunistic predators, feasting on small organisms that drift too close, like zooplankton, arthropods, and occasionally, fish larva. With few known predators aside from crayfish, peach blossom jellies threaten native freshwater fish in the competition for resources.

One team of researchers, in a joint research venture between Wheaton College in Illinois and the University of Kansas, set out to trace the proliferation of freshwater jellies into the Midwest, and the threats they pose to local food chains.

“We’ve been trying to figure out the cues that control some aspects of the Craspedacusta life cycle,” Nadine Folino Rorem, one of the study’s authors said in a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration blog. “Our objective was to assess where jellyfish fit in food dynamics, and competition dynamics as well.”

Starting in 2022, the nearly three-year effort identified four distinct “lineages,” each of which is able to endure wide temperature fluctuations. While the studies suggests the jellies may depend on seasonal temperature changes to complete their lifecycle — conditions more similar to the Midwest than the subtropical south — the authors also noted that they’re likely to thrive as overall water temperatures rise.

“We found that different populations reacted the same to temperature factors, which means if temperatures increase, you’re probably going to see a similar response in different locations in northern Illinois and Indiana, meaning increases in some of these life cycle stages,” said Rorem. “Since scientists are seeing increases in jellies in marine environments due to increases in water temperature, we’re thinking we’re probably going to see a similar situation with Craspedacusta.”

More on fish: Elon Musk’s Latest Rocket Crash Allegedly Killed Innocent Dolphins and Sea Turtles

The post Experts Alarmed as Jellyfish Spawn in Freshwater Lakes appeared first on Futurism.

🔗 Sumber: futurism.com