MAROKO133 Eksklusif ai: Sulfuric surprise: Scientists uncover clues of ancient moon format

📌 MAROKO133 Eksklusif ai: Sulfuric surprise: Scientists uncover clues of ancient m

A team of scientists from Brown University has uncovered new sulfur isotopes unlike any found on Earth.

The researchers analyzed lunar samples that had remained unopened since they were collected by Apollo 17 astronauts in 1972. Using state-of-the-art techniques, they discovered a new exotic sulfur that may provide new clues about the early formation of our celestial neighbor.

Analyzing Apollo 17 moon samples

NASA’s Apollo 17 mission in 1972 was the last time astronauts landed on the moon. When the Apollo 17 crew returned to Earth, some of the samples they collected were sealed and stored away.

NASA purposefully decided to store these samples away for decades, under a program called Apollo Next Generation Sample Analysis (ANGSA). Their hope was that future scientists could use advanced equipment capable of making discoveries not possible at the time.

Now, the Brown University team has delivered on this promise. In their new study, published in the journal JGR: Planets, the researchers detail a new type of sulfur found in samples collected at the Moon’s Taurus Littrow region.

Their analysis shows that volcanic material in the sample contains sulfur compounds highly depleted in sulfur-33 (or 33S) – one of the four radioactively stable sulfur isotopes. According to the researchers, the 33S ratios in the sample don’t match anything on Earth.

Surprising isotope ratio findings

Isotope ratios serve as “fingerprints”, allowing scientists to determine properties of certain elements. For example, if two different rocks share the same isotopic fingerprint, they likely came from the same source.

Scientists have observed highly similar oxygen isotopes on the moon and the Earth for years. Researchers have long assumed that sulfur isotopes would likely also exhibit these similarities.

“Before this, it was thought that the lunar mantle had the same sulfur isotope composition as Earth,” James Dottin, study lead, explained in a press statement. “That’s what I expected to see when analyzing these samples, but we saw values very different from anything we find on Earth.”

“My first thought was, ‘Holy shmolies, that can’t be right,’” Dottin continued. “So we went back to make sure we had done everything properly, and we had. These are very surprising results.”

Uncovering the moon’s ancient mysteries

The samples Dottin and his team analyzed were collected using a double-drive tube. That is a hollow metal cylinder that was driven into the lunar surface by Apollo 17 astronauts Gene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt.

For more than 50 years, the sample has been sealed in a helium chamber, meaning it was in pristine condition for the study. Dottin and his team used secondary ion mass spectrometry to analyze the sample. This highly precise method didn’t exist in 1972.

Dottin believes the surprising results could be due to a remnant of chemical processes that occurred very early in the moon’s history. The findings have very interesting implications related to the moon’s formation.

One possibility is that anomalous sulfur was left over from the moon’s formation, which is thought to have occurred after a Mars-sized object called Theia smashed into Earth during the early formation of the solar system. According to Dottin, the sulfur ratios found in the lunar samples might be a footprint from that collision. In other words, the moon’s surface still contains remnants from Theia, the massive body that helped form our moon.

🔗 Sumber: interestingengineering.com

📌 MAROKO133 Breaking ai: Sora 2 Has a Huge Financial Problem Wajib Baca

It didn’t take long for OpenAI’s text-to-video-and-audio AI generator app, Sora 2, to melt down into a messy pile of potentially copyright-infringing AI slop.

Within just days, the TikTok-style app’s mind-numbing feed of AI-generated content was filled with videos of Nickelodeon’s SpongeBob SquarePants cooking up blue crystals in a meth lab, entire episodes of South Park, and depictions of physicist Stephen Hawking being brutalized in horrible ways.

The app’s prominent use of recognizable intellectual property and the likenesses of real people, combined with its sheer amount of hype, has allowed it to shoot up to the top of Apple’s App Store, with Meta’s competing Vibes app, which was released less than a week before Sora 2, quickly turning into a long-forgotten footnote in AI slop history.

All that success creates a problem for OpenAI: how to stop Sora 2 from burning through cash as users generate countless resource-intensive AI videos.

In an update posted to his personal blog, OpenAI CEO Sam Altman admitted that the company had a lot of work to do, especially when it comes to turning its AI slop generator into a moneymaker.

“We are going to have to somehow make money for video generation,” he said. “People are generating much more than we expected per user, and a lot of videos are being generated for very small audiences.”

It’s a pressing issue for the firm because of the sheer amount of computing power needed to generate AI videos. Last month, researchers from the open-source AI platform Hugging Face found that the energy demands of text-to-video generators quadruple when the length of videos doubles, suggesting the power required increases quadratically, not linearly.

Multiply those demands by the number of videos being generated on Sora 2, and OpenAI is likely looking at massive compute demands. In other words, OpenAI’s foray into slop-based social media could quickly turn into a very costly endeavor.

And turning Sora 2 into a source of revenue won’t be easy. It’s not clear that users will actually pay to use the service — and adding to OpenAI’s woes, rightsholders could soon be asking questions about its eyebrow-raising ask-for-forgiveness-later approach to intellectual property and content moderation.

The company has since slammed on the brakes, implementing guardrails on Sora 2 that were mysteriously absent on day one, as copyright lawyer Aaron Moss pointed out in a recent article. Users are running into the company’s content blocks at full force, resulting in widespread frustration.

As Altman’s blog post indicates, the company doesn’t have a fleshed-out plan on how to generate revenue. Some of the proceeds, according to the CEO, will be shared “with rightsholders who want their characters generated by users.” But where those proceeds will come from — presumably, either from advertising or users — remains unclear.

“The idea — perhaps similar to YouTube’s ad-monetization program for videos that include copyrighted material — would give studios a financial incentive to opt in,” Moss wrote in his piece.

“When thousands of GPU-intensive ten-second ‘South Park’ clips also risk copyright lawsuits, the math gets ugly fast,” he added. But if “studios become partners rather than adversaries, OpenAI can potentially offset costs while buying legal cover.”

Wooing rightsholders to OpenAI’s side, especially now that the company has allowed for potentially copyright-infringing material to proliferate widely, is far easier said than done. Indeed, major rightsholders have already filed lawsuits against generative AI companies. Case in point, just last month, Warner Bros. Discovery sued AI text-to-image generator company Midjourney for infringement, joining Disney and NBC Universal.

“There’s a world of difference between studios collecting YouTube ad revenue on video clips they produce and control, and handing over their characters for anyone to freely manipulate in exchange for a few bucks,” Moss wrote.

Other netizens pointed out that copyright holders may balk at OpenAI’s courting attempts.

“Why on earth would any brand pay for their IP to be surfaced by a user prompt upon their requests?” one argued. “That’s not even close to how any of this works.”

“Why would I, as a multibillion-dollar rightsholder, not just take you to the cleaners?” another user added.

More on Sora 2: OpenAI’s Sora 2 Already Melting Down Into Outrageous Drama

The post Sora 2 Has a Huge Financial Problem appeared first on Futurism.

🔗 Sumber: futurism.com