MAROKO133 Eksklusif ai: Unexpected oxidation process: Chinese mission uncovers evidence of

📌 MAROKO133 Breaking ai: Unexpected oxidation process: Chinese mission uncovers ev

A new analysis of lunar soil from China’s Chang’e-6 mission has revealed something scientists didn’t expect to find on the moon – tiny grains of iron rust.

Until now, the moon was believed to lack the oxygen conditions needed for iron oxidation, so the discovery challenges long-standing views of lunar surface chemistry and may help explain mysterious magnetic anomalies detected in several regions.

The findings, published in the peer-reviewed journal Science Advances, come from a research team led by Shandong University with support from the Institute of Geochemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan University. 

The team identified micrometre-scale crystals of hematite and maghemite, both forms of iron oxide, within the Chang’e-6 samples – a discovery that suggests previously unknown surface processes may have been shaping the moon for billions of years.

Discovery challenges decades-old assumption

For decades, scientists believed the moon lacked the conditions needed for iron oxidation, making iron oxides virtually nonexistent on its surface. Even though the Apollo missions detected some ferric iron–bearing materials, such as magnetite and iron hydroxides, the discovery was quickly dismissed.

A landmark study in 1971 argued that these compounds could not remain stable on the lunar surface and were most likely the result of contamination after the samples returned to Earth. This view shaped scientific thinking for more than half a century, reinforcing the idea that the moon was a dry, highly reduced environment with no natural pathway for iron to rust, the South China Morning Post reported.

That assumption began to crumble in recent years as remote sensing data and lunar samples suggested that iron oxidation may be more common on the moon than once believed. Since 2020, observations from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper have shown widespread hematite – a highly oxidised mineral – at high lunar latitudes. 

Then in 2022, advanced microscopic analysis of Chang’e-5 samples revealed traces of nanophase magnetite, adding further evidence that oxidation can occur on the lunar surface.

Samples show rust is intrinsic to the moon’s geology

By studying the Chang’e-6 samples returned in June last year, Chinese scientists identified micron-scale hematite grains for the first time, demonstrating that these iron oxides are a natural part of the moon’s geology. To understand how ferric iron forms on the moon, the researchers examined several possible mechanisms and ruled out some alternatives. 

They found that oxidised iron minerals appeared mainly in lunar soil breccias – rocks made of fragments fused by the extreme heat and pressure of meteorite impacts – while such minerals were absent in untouched fragments of ancient volcanic rock. The researchers suggest that the hematite grains were produced by massive impact events, like those that created the South Pole–Aitken basin and the Apollo crater on the moon’s far side.

The South Pole–Aitken basin, home to the Chang’e-6 landing site, is one of the oldest and largest impact basins in the solar system; it has experienced multiple major collisions and remained untouched by later volcanic lava flows, making it an ideal location for preserving minerals created by ancient impacts.

🔗 Sumber: interestingengineering.com

📌 MAROKO133 Hot ai: Child Development Researcher Issues Warning About AI-Powered T

As the holiday season rolls in, parents eager to impress their young children with a splashy present might be tempted to gift them an AI-powered toy or teddy bear, which are popping up everywhere. What’d be more fun for a child than a tiny companion that they can have endless conversations with? It’s gotta be better than having their face shoved into a tablet screen all the time, right?

But you may want to hold off on that purchase. There’s still far too much we don’t understand about how AI-powered toys can affect a child’s long-term development, warns Emily Goodacre, a researcher with the Centre for Research on Play in Education, Development and Learning at the University of Cambridge, who’s conducting a study exploring these risks. And that’s before we even touch on how the toys have already demonstrated they can break their own guardrails and have extremely inappropriate conversations with the children to whom they’re supposed to be harmless companions.

One of the foremost concerns is how the AI toys could provide inauthentic, sycophantic answers — a problem that the AI chatbot industry has acknowledged — leading the child to form an unhealthy dependency with an inanimate object that never meaningfully pushes back.

“These toys might be providing some kind of social interaction, but it’s not human social interaction,” Goodacre told Yahoo in an interview. “The toys agree with them, so kids don’t have to negotiate things.”

Goodacre also fretted about an AI powered toy that’s advertised as supporting social relationships, serving as a confidante to a child that can provide support with whatever issue they’re dealing with.

“While that, in theory, sounds like a good thing, it also gives the toy some social or psychological or relational influence over the child,” Goodacre added — “which could easily be a bad thing.”

AI-powered toys are also potential privacy nightmares. Some toys are push-to-talk, meaning you have to push a button for it to listen. But others listen for wake words to spring into action, and some are even always-on, recording literally everything they pick up around them. The data can range from audio recordings to transcriptions of a child’s conversations with the AI.

Parents might be okay with this data collection if it allows them monitor their kids’ conversations through an accompanying app. But the way all this private data is collected is opaque and byzantine even to adults, which raises the question, per Goodacre: “How do we explain to a child that this one teddy bear they have is recording them and sending that data to some company, and also sending the conversations to their parent’s phone?”

These might be worth explaining to a child. But doing so could fundamentally warp their idea of their own personal privacy. Should a child think it’s normal that their parents can read or listen to everything they say, even when they’re not in the room with them?

There’s some philosophical room for debate regarding these questions, but there’s no denying that AI chatbots remain incredibly prone to going off the rails and providing dangerous responses, even ones that are supposed to be kid-friendly. In a report published this week from the watchdog group PIRG, researchers who tested several AI-powered toys found that in conversations lasting ten minutes or longer, the toy AI personas started to give up their guardrails and provide advice on where to find knives, pills, and how to light matches. In some cases, they even gave enthusiastic and detailed explanations about a multitude of sexual kinks, including bondage and teacher-student roleplay.

All these grave concerns aside, it’s not even clear if AI-powered toys make for great toys, because they provide answers to everything instead of letting a child use their imagination, according to Goodacre.

“Does the child find that really cool and interesting, and do they want to play with it for hours?” Goodacre asks. “Or is that actually boring because they don’t get to imagine the responses that they wanted to imagine?”

So why waste your precious dollars on unproven tech? Just get a no-brainer like a train set instead.

More on AI toys: AI-Powered Toys Caught Telling 5-Year-Olds How to Find Knives and Start Fires With Matches

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🔗 Sumber: futurism.com