MAROKO133 Update ai: MIT cracks code of lithium-ion chemistry for faster, more powerful EV

📌 MAROKO133 Update ai: MIT cracks code of lithium-ion chemistry for faster, more p

The MIT study has created a new model, called the Coupled Ion-Electron Transfer (CIET) model, to advance lithium-ion batteries.

The new model redefines the fundamental chemical reaction known as intercalation. 

The performance of lithium-ion batteries is dictated by the speed at which lithium ions “intercalate,” or insert themselves, into a solid electrode.

It governs how quickly a battery can charge and discharge, but the exact mechanism controlling this speed has been unclear.

A new study from MIT involved measuring the rates at which lithium ions insert into various battery materials and using that data to create a revised model for this process.

The model suggests that the rate is controlled by coupled ion-electron transfer. In this reaction, “an electron is transferred to the electrode along with a lithium ion.”

The model could pave the way for powerful and faster charging lithium-ion batteries. 

“What we hope is enabled by this work is to get the reactions to be faster and more controlled, which can speed up charging and discharging,” said Martin Bazant, a professor of mathematics at MIT.

The core reaction

For a long time, scientists thought the speed of lithium intercalation (ions entering the electrode) was limited by how fast the ions could diffuse. It was described by the Butler-Volmer equation. 

However, attempts to measure these rates proved difficult. 

Experimental data often varied wildly between labs and rarely aligned with its predictions.

“The electrochemical step is not lithium insertion, which you might think is the main thing, but it’s actually electron transfer to reduce the solid material hosting the lithium,” Bazant said.

The MIT team’s new study used a specific electrochemical technique — applying repeated, short voltage bursts — to measure lithium intercalation rates precisely. 

They gathered data for over 50 combinations of electrolytes and electrodes. These included materials widely used in modern batteries, such as lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (for electric vehicles) and lithium cobalt oxide (for phones and laptops).

The measurements revealed that the intercalation rates are much lower than previously thought and don’t match the predictions of the old Butler-Volmer model.

The researchers developed an alternative theory based on this new data: a lithium ion can only enter the electrode if an electron is transferred from the electrolyte to the electrode simultaneously. This process is what truly controls the reaction rate.

“Lithium is intercalated at the same time that the electron is transferred, and they facilitate one another,” the author added.

This CIET mechanism also lowers the energy barrier for the reaction, thereby becoming the true speed-controller of the battery.

Designing the next generation

The findings from the new model offer two main paths for battery improvement.

First, faster charging. By understanding how the reaction rate is controlled, researchers can speed up the lithium intercalation reaction to design batteries that charge more quickly.

And the second increased lifespan by reducing battery degradation. The model can help reduce unwanted side reactions (where electrons dissolve from the electrode into the electrolyte).

The study also showed that the intercalation rates can be actively tuned by changing the composition of the electrolyte.

The findings were published in the journal Science.

🔗 Sumber: interestingengineering.com

📌 MAROKO133 Hot ai: Gavin Newson Signs Law Cracking Down on AI Industry Edisi Jam

The nascent AI industry has attracted untold hundreds of billions of dollars in investment over the past few years, but it’s still operating in a near-total regulatory vacuum.

That’s not to say it’s had no negative impact. The tech has been linked to a wave of mental health breakdowns, suicides and even murder — and that’s without getting into allegations about the sector’s surveillance of users, copyright violations, and other alleged negative effects on users and society.

Now, lawmakers are starting to play catch-up. This week, California governor Gavin Newsom signed what proponents say is the first AI safety and transparency law in the US. The Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act, also known as SB 53, requires AI companies with over $500 million in revenue to publicly disclose their safety and security protocols in fairly granular detail.

“California has proven that we can establish regulations to protect our communities while also ensuring that the growing AI industry continues to thrive,” Newsom said in a statement. “This legislation strikes that balance.”

Critics might disagree. It’s true that in some senses, the bill’s scope is sweeping: it requires AI companies do everything from sharing how they plan to mitigate potential “Terminator”-esque scenarios of rogue AI rising up against humanity, to reporting critical safety incidents, to creating new protections for whistleblowers.

On the other hand, its penalties feel distinctly feeble. Newsom vetoed a previous attempt at similar AI regulation last year, which would’ve demanded far more from the industry: it would’ve applied to a vastly larger number of companies by targeting any that spend upwards of $100 million on an AI model, for instance, and penalties could’ve reached hundreds of millions for severe transgressions. The bill Newsom just signed, in contrast, caps fines at a drop-in-the-bucket $1 million per violation, which would be a mosquito bite to a centibillion dollar company like OpenAI.

Tellingly, AI companies are trumpeting their support for the new bill. An OpenAI spokesperson said the company was “pleased to see that California has created a critical path toward harmonization with the federal government — the most effective approach to AI safety.” Meta and Anthropic quickly parroted that praise.

State lawmakers have proposed similar legislation in New York, and there have been piecemeal attempts to regulate aspects of AI elsewhere. But as the home of virtually every important AI company, California is in a unique position to set the agenda for meaningful regulation.

This bill might be better than nothing. But as a rule of thumb, if new regulation is greeted with open arms by the industry it’s supposed to oversee, it’s probably not much of a threat.

More on AI legislation: It’s Now Officially Illegal to Use AI to Impersonate a Human Actor in Hollywood

The post Gavin Newson Signs Law Cracking Down on AI Industry appeared first on Futurism.

🔗 Sumber: futurism.com